#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <time.h>
#define MAX_ATTEMPTS 5 // Maximum number of attempts to resend data on collision
// Function to simulate checking if the channel is idle
int isChannelIdle() {
return rand() % 2; // Randomly returns 1 (idle) or 0 (busy)
}
// Function to simulate collision detection
int detectCollision() {
return rand() % 2; // Randomly returns 1 (collision) or 0 (no collision)
}
// Function to simulate exponential backoff after collision
void backOff(int attempt) {
int waitTime = (1 << attempt) – 1; // Calculate wait time (2^attempt – 1)
int delay = rand() % (waitTime + 1);
printf(“Backing off for %d seconds…\n”, delay);
sleep(delay); // Wait for random time within backoff range
}
void csma_cdProtocol() {
int attempt = 0;
while (attempt < MAX_ATTEMPTS) {
printf(“Attempt %d to send data.\n”, attempt + 1);
// Step 1: Sense the channel
if (isChannelIdle()) {
printf(“Channel is idle. Starting data transmission…\n”);
// Step 2: Start transmission and check for collisions
if (detectCollision()) {
printf(“Collision detected! Aborting transmission.\n”);
attempt++;
backOff(attempt); // Backoff and wait before retrying
} else {
printf(“Data transmitted successfully.\n”);
break; // Exit if transmission is successful
}
} else {
printf(“Channel is busy. Retrying…\n”);
sleep(1); // Wait before sensing the channel again
}
}
if (attempt == MAX_ATTEMPTS) {
printf(“Maximum attempts reached. Transmission failed.\n”);
}
}
int main() {
srand(time(0)); // Seed the random number generator
printf(“CSMA/CD Protocol Simulation\n”);
csma_cdProtocol();
return 0;
}
// Write a C program to implement CSA/CD Protocol
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <time.h>
#define MAX_ATTEMPTS 5 // Maximum number of attempts to resend data on collision
// Function to simulate checking if the channel is idle
int isChannelIdle() {
return rand() % 2; // Randomly returns 1 (idle) or 0 (busy)
}
// Function to simulate collision detection
int detectCollision() {
return rand() % 2; // Randomly returns 1 (collision) or 0 (no collision)
}
// Function to simulate exponential backoff after collision
void backOff(int attempt) {
int waitTime = (1 << attempt) – 1; // Calculate wait time (2^attempt – 1)
int delay = rand() % (waitTime + 1);
printf(“Backing off for %d seconds…\n”, delay);
sleep(delay); // Wait for random time within backoff range
}
void csma_cdProtocol() {
int attempt = 0;
while (attempt < MAX_ATTEMPTS) {
printf(“Attempt %d to send data.\n”, attempt + 1);
// Step 1: Sense the channel
if (isChannelIdle()) {
printf(“Channel is idle. Starting data transmission…\n”);
// Step 2: Start transmission and check for collisions
if (detectCollision()) {
printf(“Collision detected! Aborting transmission.\n”);
attempt++;
backOff(attempt); // Backoff and wait before retrying
} else {
printf(“Data transmitted successfully.\n”);
break; // Exit if transmission is successful
}
} else {
printf(“Channel is busy. Retrying…\n”);
sleep(1); // Wait before sensing the channel again
}
}
if (attempt == MAX_ATTEMPTS) {
printf(“Maximum attempts reached. Transmission failed.\n”);
}
}
int main() {
srand(time(0)); // Seed the random number generator
printf(“CSMA/CD Protocol Simulation\n”);
csma_cdProtocol();
return 0;
}
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