brain molecule may

Brain molecule may improve sleep

Millions of people around the world struggle with insomnia and other sleep problems.

Now scientists in China have identified a natural brain molecule that may help explain how the body knows when it is time to sleep.

The discovery could lead to safer and more effective sleep medicines in the future.

The study published in Nature Neuroscience found that a natural molecule called tryptamine (TrpA) plays an important role in increasing the body’s need for sleep.

Researchers say this molecule sends signals to the brain that it is time to rest. Experts explained that good sleep is essential for overall health.

During sleep the brain organizes memories stores information and removes waste that builds up during the day.

However many people do not get enough sleep because of insomnia stress depression anxiety or problems with the body’s internal clock also known as the circadian rhythm.

To better understand the process researchers studied mice which are active at night and pigs which are active during the day.

Using a special fluorescent sensor they measured the amount of tryptamine in the animals’ cerebrospinal fluid at different times.

The scientists found that the longer the animals stayed awake the higher their tryptamine levels became.

This suggests that the molecule reflects the body’s natural “sleep pressure” the growing need for sleep after spending many hours awake.

The team also discovered that active nerve cells release tryptamine while the body is awake.

The molecule then attaches to a receptor called GPR139 which activates sleep promoting nerve cells in an area of the brain known as the hypothalamic preoptic area.

In the next stage of the study researchers tested experimental compounds that activated the GPR139 receptor.

The results showed that the animals slept longer and experienced better quality sleep.

Scientists say finding the same results in both mice and pigs suggests that this biological system may also exist in humans.

If future studies confirm this the discovery could help develop new treatments for insomnia and other sleep disorders that are safer more effective and have fewer side effects than many current sleep medications.

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    Subjective aesthetics versus literary brilliance

    Litigation over artistic quality reveals more about the critic’s personal taste and ideological leanings than it does about the intrinsic value of the literature itself. A prominent Bangladeshi academic initiated a debate across literary circles when a short video clip went viral online. In this brief excerpt from a presentation delivered at a university literary festival, the scholar dismissed the acclaimed author Shahidul Zahir. He claimed that Zahir does not even qualify as a third-rate artist. He  labeled him instead as a third-class writer whose language is thoroughly uninteresting. He similarly critiqued another modern Bengali prose writer, Akhteruzzaman Elias. For this case, he dismissed his writing style as endlessly monotonous. This judgment raises critical questions about literary aesthetics and the metrics used to evaluate global literature. Does a critic’s subjective boredom justify reducing a writer’s work to a low rating? Analytically, the fiction of Shahidul Zahir demonstrates the exact qualities that define world-class literature. Shahidul Zahir was never a conventional storyteller who somehow aimed to comfort his audience. Rather than offering comfortable narratives, his work exposes uncomfortable truths beneath established historical accounts. His portrayal of wartime violence, political opportunism, and societal compromise during and after the 1971 Liberation War forces readers to confront disturbing realities. Zahir connects the grim details of local life with magical and surreal elements. He utilizes oral storytelling traditions. He also combined surreal metaphors with layered depictions of the human condition. His narratives have bizarre occurrences such as animals acting as caretakers or war collaborators feeding human flesh to animals appear surprisingly believable against the background of ordinary towns like Sirajganj or Old Dhaka. His surrealism reflects real-world atrocities that were often equally unimaginable far from being mere fantasy. The academic’s critique centered primarily on two claims. Firstly, Zahir’s writing is dull. Secondly, his portrayal of the 1971 war is historically inaccurate. However, a closer look at these claims exposes significant flaws in the critic’s premise. The critic in question strongly favors traditional, highly formal, Sanskritized prose (sadhu bhasha) and rejects everyday spoken dialect (cholito bhasha) for serious discourse. In contrast, Zahir’s prose relies on the living, informal, and at times raw language spoken by everyday people. Therefore, rejecting an author because their prose reflects the authentic cadence of public speech reveals an elitist preference rather than an objective literary standard. The scholar accused Zahir’s acclaimed novella Jibon O Rajnoitik Bastobota (Life and Political Reality) of presenting stereotypical representations. He further pointed the supposed depiction of war collaborators wearing skull caps. Yet, nowhere in the actual text does such a detail exist. The critic appeared to project his own assumptions onto the text rather than reading what was actually written. Zahir’s novella accurately captures the painful political reality of post-liberation Bangladesh, where former wartime collaborators were gradually integrated back into mainstream power structures. Literary scholars often define world literature as creative work that responds to the global dynamics of modern capitalism and political change. Zahir’s novels illustrate how global economic forces interact unevenly with local feudal structures. In his masterpiece Shei Raate Purnima Chhilo (It Was Full Moon That Night), Zahir explores the rise of a powerful rural leader under state-sponsored political reform. The narrative illustrates how modern capitalist development mixes with lingering feudal mentalities. This mentality then creates a system where local elites hold unchecked power. Zahir constructs a portrait of a society caught between tradition and modern governance. Furthermore, Zahir’s treatment of the 1971 war connects local experiences with international geopolitics. In his stories, wartime memories constantly surface like fresh grass breaking through soil. His words speak about how national liberation was simultaneously a local struggle for survival and an event influenced by global Cold War tensions. The argument that a nation must produce literature directly accessible or marketed to Western readers in order to be considered world-class relies on a flawed premise. Global literary status should not depend solely on English translation or commercial visibility. Countless profound authors around the globe write within their local contexts. Such marvelous authors produce works that match the thematic depth of international figures like Franz Kafka or Gabriel García Márquez. As a matter of fact, dismissing Shahidul Zahir as third-class overlooks the artistic, historical, and linguistic power of his work. His fiction stands as an extraordinary accomplishment in modern literature. He is the one that challenges, provokes, and immortalizes the complex human experience far beyond the boundaries of narrow critique.  

  • Some medicines go bad after opening

    Many people check the expiry date on a medicine bottle or box and assume it is safe to use until that date. However health experts say this is not always true.  Some medicines start losing their effectiveness or become unsafe after they are opened even if the printed expiry date is still months away. It is common for people to use a cough syrup or eye drops once put them back in the cupboard and use them again weeks or months later after checking only the expiry date. Doctors say this can be risky because some medicines do not stay safe for long once opened. When a medicine bottle tube or dropper is opened air moisture and germs can get inside. Over time repeated opening can reduce the medicine’s protection against bacteria increasing the risk of contamination. If a syrup changes color or smell a cream separates or tablets become soft or crumbly they should not be used. Many people believe that every medicine should be thrown away one month after opening but experts say this is not true. According to Dr. Sanjay K. Jain, Head of Pediatrics and Neonatology in New Delhi each medicine has different storage and usage rules. He explains that common syrups such as cough syrup paracetamol syrup and vitamin syrup can usually be used until their expiry date if they are stored properly and show no changes in color smell or appearance. Tablets and capsules also remain safe until their expiry date in many cases especially if they stay in their original blister packs and are stored according to the instructions. However some medicines have a much shorter life after opening.  Antibiotic syrups that come as powder and need water before use should usually be thrown away after 7 to 14 days even if some medicine is left. If the syrup changes color or particles appear inside the bottle it should be discarded immediately. Eye drops also need extra care. Most should be used within 28 days after opening because the tip of the bottle can collect germs each time it is used. Insulin and some injectable medicines also have special storage rules and may only remain safe for a limited time after opening. Doctors advise reading the label or package instructions carefully before using any medicine. This is especially important for eye drops insulin liquid antibiotics and medicines that need refrigeration. It is also a good idea to check medicines stored at home from time to time. If you are unsure whether a medicine is still safe ask a doctor or pharmacist instead of taking the risk. Health experts say that for some medicines the most important date is not the expiry date but the day the bottle or package was first opened. Writing the opening date on the bottle can help you know when it is time to throw it away. If you ever have doubts about a medicine’s safety it is better to discard it than risk your health.

  • Poor road conditions in Ginna

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  • Don’t ignore shortness of breath

    Feeling short of breath  while walking climbing stairs jogging or doing simple daily activities has become a common problem for people of all ages. While it was once mostly seen in older adults many young people now experience it too. Health experts say that if you often become short of breath you should not ignore it. Finding the real cause is important because it may be a sign of an underlying health problem. One of the main reasons is a lack of physical activity. Many people spend hours sitting in front of their phones computers or TVs especially after meals. Over time this inactive lifestyle can reduce fitness and make breathing more difficult during even light exercise. Doctors explain that getting out of breath after only a little effort may sometimes be linked to problems with the heart lungs kidneys or liver. Swelling around the eyes or face may point to liver disease swollen feet may be related to kidney problems and swelling in the hands feet and face together could be a sign of heart disease. Instead of treating yourself at home it is important to see a qualified doctor. Other common causes of shortness of breath include anemia (low blood) weakness asthma seasonal allergies colds cough mucus in the airways lung diseases and long term smoking. Because every person is different only a proper medical check up can identify the real cause. In some people stomach problems such as gas and acid reflux can also make breathing feel difficult. Sitting for a long time after eating may increase these problems causing chest discomfort and a feeling of breathlessness. Eating a balanced diet exercising regularly and taking a short walk after meals may help improve digestion and overall health. Some traditional remedies suggest soaking three dried figs in water overnight and eating them on an empty stomach in the morning to support digestion. Others use basil leaves or basil seeds as an herbal drink.  However there is only limited scientific evidence to support these remedies so they should not replace proper medical treatment. If you experience frequent shortness of breath especially with chest pain severe weakness dizziness blue lips or skin or swelling seek medical care immediately. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent serious health problems.

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    The limits and depth of human consciousness

    For millions of years, the survival of living species depended almost entirely on practical adaptations. The core of living was finding food, securing shelter, avoiding predators, and reproducing. Yet, at a crucial juncture in evolutionary history, Homo sapiens began engaging in a behavior that offered no immediate physical utility like making art. From red ocher hand stencils on cave walls in Sulawesi and Western Europe to intricate bone flutes and sculpted figurines, early humans devoted valuable time and energy to symbolic creation. Today, neuroscientists, cognitive psychologists, and evolutionary anthropologists increasingly view art not as a secondary cultural luxury, but as a foundational hallmark of human consciousness. The Evolutionary Emergence of Symbolic Thought The birth of artistic expression marks a profound cognitive transition. While many animals exhibit complex behaviors, these actions are largely instinctual and functional. Human art, by contrast, relies on abstract symbolic thinking. The capacity to let one object, shape, or sound represent an idea, emotion, or absent reality. When an early human carved a figure or painted a thundering herd of bison onto rock, they were not merely copying their surroundings. They were projecting an internal mental world onto an external physical canvas. This ability to externalize subjective experience required a sophisticated architecture of consciousness, including robust working memory, metacognition (thinking about one’s own thinking), and a developed theory of mind. It’s the understanding that others possess distinct mental states and can interpret shared symbols. The Neurobiology of Aesthetic Experience Modern neuroimaging reveals that creating and contemplating art engages large-scale, interconnected brain networks. When a person immerses themselves in a painting, music, or literature, the Default Mode Network (DMN) works with sensory and emotional circuits. Artistic engagement triggers a dynamic dialogue between the visual or auditory cortex, the limbic system (which processes emotion), and executive regions in the prefrontal cortex. This complex cross-talk allows humans to experience qualia. The subjective, qualitative feel of conscious experiences. A visual composition does not simply register as light wavelengths in the brain; it evokes nostalgia, awe, melancholy, or inspiration. This capacity to synthesize raw sensory inputs with deep emotional resonance and reflective thought is a unique feature of high-level conscious awareness. Lived Experience versus Machine Patterning In an era dominated by artificial intelligence algorithms capable of generating hyper-realistic images and musical compositions in seconds, the relationship between art and consciousness has taken on renewed urgency. While generative models analyze billions of data points to predict and replicate aesthetic patterns, they operate entirely without subjective awareness, intent, or emotional feeling. Human art originates from a grounded biological reality: the lived experience of mortality, joy, heartbreak, bodily sensation, and social existence. The power of a masterpiece lies not merely in its formal technique, but in the implicit bridge it constructs between the inner world of the artist and that of the observer. Art is fundamentally a dialogue of consciousnesses. It is a mechanism through which one conscious entity communicates what it feels like to exist. A Mirror to Human Identity Ultimately, art serves as both a product and a mirror of conscious awareness. It enables individuals to simulate hypothetical scenarios, process complex social dynamics, and navigate existential questions about purpose and mortality. By translating internal emotional states into tangible forms, humans construct shared cultural meaning and foster deep social cohesion.   As science continues to explore the mystery of how physical brain matter generates subjective experience, art remains our most visible and enduring cognitive fingerprint. It stands as compelling proof that human consciousness is defined not just by how we perceive the objective world, but by our infinite capacity to imagine and construct new ones.

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    How intentional attention can transform the ordinary

    The human mind often defaults to a posture of constant vigilance in the world dominated by endless news, digital noise, and social anxiety. We scan our environments for threat, hardship, and dysfunction. We maintain psychological defense mechanism sharpened by evolution and modern technology. The poet and educator Ross Gay demonstrated in his literary project, The Book of Delights that there exists a quiet, radical counter-practice. It’s the deliberate development of wonder on daily basis. It all began as a personal experiment on his forty-second birthday and turned into a meditation on how we inhabit time, space, and community. This educator wrote a short essay every single day for a year. He would capture a specific moment or observation that brought him joy. The resulting body of work reveals that gladness is something that simply happens to us even if it’s rare. When we think of joy or delight, we frequently imagine grand milestones. We suppose a long-awaited promotion, a dream vacation, or a monumental life event. Gay’s yearlong experiment turns this perspective upside down. His essayettes focus on the fleeting occurrences that populate everyday existence. For instance, the taste of fresh fruit picked directly from a vine. It can be warmth of two strangers sharing a brief smile on a crowded bus. We can’t neglect the simple relief of taking off uncomfortable shoes after a long walk. Gay discovered a psychological shift that he likened to developing a delight radar. When you know you must document joy before the day ends, your mind begins to actively search for it throughout your waking hours. You stop treating small encounters as background noise and start recognizing them as vital happenings. Attention itself becomes an act of appreciation. Crucially, this practice does not require ignoring life’s harsh realities. True gladness is not toxic positivity or the denial of suffering. Gay’s reflections frequently touch upon systemic injustice, racial prejudice, grief, aging, and personal loss. What makes his work so resonant is its insistence that delight and sorrow exist side by side. Noticing beauty amidst difficulty is not an act of escapism; it is a form of emotional resilience that sustains us through hard times. Another significant insight from Gay’s experiment is that delight is inherently contagious. Unlike physical resources that diminish when shared, human gladness expands when communicated. Gay illustrates how pointing out a pleasant detail to someone else creates a sweet bond of togetherness whether it’s about a casual interaction with local vendor or an unexpected moment of humor with neighbor. In a world that frequently feels fragmented and polarized, taking note of small wonders acts as a bridge. It reminds us of our shared vulnerability and our common capacity for appreciation. When we point to pastel sunset, a blooming flower breaking through sidewalk concrete or a delicious cup of coffee, we are essentially saying: Look, isn’t it incredible that we get to experience this together? You do not need to publish a book of essays to incorporate this mindset into your daily routine. Small, consistent habits can rewire how you perceive your day-to-day environment. You need two minutes before bed to write down one specific, physical thing that brought you comfort or pleasure during the day. Specificity matters instead of writing good lunch, detail the aroma of the spices or the crunch of fresh bread. Shift your focus away from digital screens periodically to notice physical textures, sounds, and scents around you. Acknowledge the feel of sunlight on your skin or the rhythm of rain against a windowpane. Tell someone when they make your day slightly better. A genuine compliment or a warm word of thanks multiplies the delight for both giver and receiver. Allow yourself to pause for ten seconds when something pleasant happens. Savoring a moment briefly allows the brain to encode positive experiences more deeply. Ultimately, practicing willful gladness is a choice to honor the gift of being alive.  

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