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Japan has launched its first centralized intelligence agency since the end of World War II. The move marks one of the country’s biggest security reforms in decades. It comes as Japan faces rising regional tensions and growing concerns over espionage, cyber threats, and global instability. The new body is called the National Intelligence Bureau (NIB). It officially began operations on Friday. It replaces the Cabinet Intelligence and Research Office (CIRO), which had served as Japan’s main intelligence office for years. However, experts often criticized the old system for lacking authority and coordination. Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi described the new agency as the first step in a broader intelligence reform plan. She said today’s security environment is changing rapidly. According to her, modern conflicts now involve cyberattacks, intelligence operations, and other non-traditional forms of warfare. She stressed that Japan must strengthen its intelligence capabilities to protect national security. The National Intelligence Bureau will collect, analyze, and coordinate intelligence gathered by various government departments. These include the ministries of defense, foreign affairs, justice, and the National Police Agency. Under the new system, government agencies will be required to share information with the bureau. Officials believe this will improve cooperation and eliminate delays caused by fragmented intelligence networks. The bureau will work under the newly created National Intelligence Council. The council will be chaired by the prime minister and include senior cabinet ministers. It will oversee national intelligence policy and coordinate responses to major security threats. The agency’s responsibilities will cover a wide range of issues. These include counterterrorism, emergency response, cybersecurity, foreign espionage, and efforts to detect covert influence operations carried out by hostile states. Security analysts have long argued that Japan’s intelligence system has been weaker than those of many other developed countries. Unlike several of its close allies, Japan does not have a dedicated foreign intelligence agency that operates overseas. The country also lacks a comprehensive anti-espionage law, making it more difficult to investigate and prosecute espionage activities. Experts say these weaknesses have raised concerns among Japan’s international partners. Countries sharing sensitive intelligence expect strong security measures to prevent leaks. A weak intelligence system can reduce confidence and limit intelligence cooperation. Calls for reform are not new. In the 1980s, former Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone warned that Japan had become a “paradise for spies.” He proposed stronger anti-espionage laws, but the plan faced strong public opposition and was never approved. At the time, many Japanese feared that expanding intelligence powers could revive the surveillance and repression experienced before and during World War II. Today, the security situation is very different. Japan faces increasing military and strategic challenges from China, North Korea, and Russia. The country also hosts thousands of US military personnel, making it an important strategic partner in the Indo-Pacific region. Officials believe foreign intelligence services are actively seeking information about Japan’s defense systems, advanced technology, and military cooperation with its allies. Growing military cooperation among China, Russia, and North Korea has also increased concerns in Tokyo. Their joint military activities and closer political ties have reinforced the belief that Japan must strengthen its national security institutions. Prime Minister Takaichi has made defense and intelligence reform a key priority since taking office. With strong support in parliament, her government is expected to push for further changes. These may include introducing an anti-espionage law and creating a dedicated foreign intelligence service similar to those operated by other major democratic nations. Despite the government’s arguments, the reforms remain controversial. Opposition lawmakers and civil rights groups warn that expanding intelligence powers could threaten privacy and individual freedoms if proper safeguards are not introduced. They argue that stronger oversight, parliamentary scrutiny, and independent monitoring will be essential to prevent misuse of power.