press freedom across
| |

Press freedom across South Asia

Press freedom across South Asia faces significant structural constraints. Media environments throughout the region share a common historical legacy often relying on inherited colonial-era penal codes alongside modern cybersecurity legislation. However, the legal frameworks and regulatory instruments used to govern the press vary across neighboring countries.

Comparative Analysis by Country

 Pakistan

Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA), Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA), and administrative policy frameworks like the Foreign Media Facilitation Guidelines. Media regulation in Pakistan relies heavily on administrative controls, licensing restrictions, and broad content advisories prohibiting coverage of sensitive political or national security subjects. While constitutional protections exist under Article 19, exceptions based on glory of Islam, national defense, and public order give authorities broad latitude to issue blackout orders, manage foreign correspondents’ mobility through No Objection Certificates (NOCs), and impose structural pressure on broadcast networks.

 India

Information Technology Rules (2021), Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, and the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA). While India possesses a large and diverse private media market, journalists increasingly face legal scrutiny under broad national security and anti-terror legislation. Amendments to digital media laws allow central authorities to demand the takedown of online content deemed harmful to state interests. Furthermore, criminal defamation suits and restrictions on access to conflict areas (such as Jammu & Kashmir) remain common mechanisms of regulatory pressure.

Bangladesh

Cyber Security Act (CSA)—which replaced the controversial Digital Security Act (DSA) and state information ministry directives. For years, non-bailable clauses in cybersecurity statutes were widely criticized by media watchdogs for chilling investigative reporting on corruption or state officials. Following recent political transitions, draft media reform policies have been introduced, though press operations remain tightly monitored during periods of political volatility and public unrest.

 Sri Lanka

Online Safety Act, Prevention of Terrorism Act (PTA), and Official Secrets Act. Sri Lanka’s regulatory framework expanded significantly with the passage of the Online Safety Act, which created a government-appointed commission with sweeping powers to classify online content as false statements and order its removal. Critical reporting regarding state response to economic crises or wartime history continues to face legal and physical friction in sensitive provinces.

Nepal:

Press Council Act and National Mass Communications Policy. Nepal consistently ranks highest in South Asia on global press freedom indices, supported by a constitution that explicitly guarantees press rights without prior restraint. However, challenges persist regarding local government transparency, criminal defamation provisions, and proposed social media regulation bills that civil society groups fear could introduce licensing hurdles for digital outlets.

 Afghanistan

Direct directives issued by the Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice and the Ministry of Information and Culture. Following the political shift in 2021, independent journalism in Afghanistan has faced near-total suppression. Women journalists are largely banned from broadcasting, international news services face widespread blocking, and all local reporting is subject to strict pre-publication censorship.

Common Trends Across the Region

Across South Asia, governments are increasingly shifting control from traditional print/broadcast regulators toward cybersecurity, online safety, and data protection laws to monitor digital newsrooms and independent creators.

Constitutional guarantees of free speech throughout South Asia uniformly contain broad public order and national defense exceptions, which states routinely cite to enforce reporting restrictions during regional crises.

Beyond direct legal action, states across the region frequently utilize non-judicial levers such as withholding state advertising funds, slow-walking accreditation, or requiring special travel permits to shape editorial stances.

Similar Posts

  • Childhood divorce linked to stroke risk

    A new study suggests that people whose parents divorced during their childhood may have a higher risk of having a stroke later in life. The research, published in the journal PLOS One looked at data from more than 13,000 adults aged 65 and older. Researchers found that people whose parents divorced before they turned 18 were about 60% more likely to have experienced a stroke than those who grew up in families where their parents stayed together. Lead researcher Dr. Mary Kate Schilke, a psychology lecturer at Tyndale University in Toronto said the increased risk remained even after taking other factors into account including smoking low physical activity lower income and education levels. She said childhood parental divorce was still linked to a 61% higher risk of stroke in later life. A stroke happens when blood flow to part of the brain is blocked or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts.  It can cause brain damage long term disability or even death if not treated quickly. The researchers stressed that this was an observational study meaning it does not prove that parental divorce directly causes strokes. However childhood family stress may be connected to other health conditions that increase stroke risk such as depression diabetes smoking and obesity. Doctors say recognizing the warning signs of a stroke can save lives because early treatment is very important. Common stroke symptoms include. Sudden weakness or numbness in the face arm or leg especially on one side of the body. •Trouble speaking or understanding speech. •Sudden vision problems in one or both eyes. •Difficulty walking dizziness loss of balance or poor coordination. Experts say anyone with these symptoms should seek emergency medical care immediately as fast treatment can greatly improve recovery.

  • | |

    Pipeline blast disrupts gas supply across Balochis…

    QUETTA: Gas supplies to Quetta and several areas of Balochistan were suspended on Thursday after an explosion damaged a major gas pipeline in the Bolan region. Officials said the blast occurred near Gokurt. An 18-inch-diameter pipeline was damaged by an explosive device near its valve assembly. The damaged facility is located around 800 metres from the National Highway. The explosion disrupted gas supplies to Quetta, Kolpur, Mach, Mastung, Kalat, Pishin and Ziarat. Flames reportedly emerged from the damaged pipeline shortly after the blast. The area was secured to prevent further danger and allow authorities to inspect the site. The Sui Southern Gas Company (SSGC) said repair teams would be sent to the location after security clearance is granted. Engineers and technical teams will assess the damage first. Restoration work will begin after the site is declared safe. The company has not yet announced when gas supplies will be fully restored. The suspension has caused concern among residents and businesses in the affected areas. Many households depend on the gas network for cooking and other daily needs. Businesses and commercial establishments may also face difficulties if the disruption continues for an extended period. Security authorities have started investigating the explosion. Officials are also examining the circumstances surrounding the damage to the pipeline. The incident highlights continuing security concerns surrounding energy infrastructure in Balochistan. Gas pipelines in the province have previously been targeted in similar attacks. A similar incident was reported in Balochistan earlier this year. In March, an 18-inch gas pipeline near the Western Bypass in Harnai’s Akhtarabad area was damaged in an explosion. Explosives had reportedly been planted beneath the pipeline. The blast destroyed a significant section of the infrastructure and disrupted gas supplies to several areas. The earlier incident affected parts of Quetta and upper Balochistan. Several localities, including Airport Road, Nawan Kali, Jinnah Town, Hazarganji, Kuchlak, Pishin and Ziarat, experienced disruptions. The March explosion also caused a major fire. Large flames were seen rising from the damaged pipeline, creating panic among people living nearby. Authorities are continuing their investigation into Thursday’s blast. Security officials will also determine the extent of the damage and assess the measures required to protect the pipeline network.

  • | |

    Economic empowerment of minorities, women remains …

    By: Hur Hussaini   Lahore: Punjab Minister for Minorities Affairs, Sardar Ramesh Singh Arora, visited the Head Office of the Rural Community Development Programme (RCDP), where he was warmly received by Muhammad Murtaza, Founder and Chief Executive Officer of RCDP and Vice Chairman of the Pakistan Microfinance Network. During the visit, the Minister held a comprehensive meeting with representatives of the microfinance sector to discuss strategies for promoting financial inclusion, with particular focus on the economic empowerment of religious minorities, women, and other marginalized communities. Addressing the meeting, Sardar Ramesh Singh Arora emphasized that financial inclusion is a powerful instrument for reducing inequality, empowering vulnerable segments of society, and creating equal opportunities for sustainable economic growth. He stated that under the leadership of Chief Minister Maryam Nawaz Sharif, the Government of Punjab is committed to ensuring inclusive development and equal economic opportunities for every citizen without discrimination. The Minister underscored the importance of expanding access to affordable and inclusive financial services for religious minorities, women, and low-income households, enabling them to become financially independent and active contributors to the province’s socio-economic development. Participants also discussed the role of microfinance institutions in advancing human rights and strengthening financial resilience among underserved communities. Both sides agreed to enhance collaboration to make microfinance initiatives more effective and accessible across Punjab. Representatives of the Pakistan Microfinance Network reaffirmed their commitment to expanding comprehensive financial services through the Network’s platform, while the Rural Community Development Programme (RCDP) pledged its continued support for initiatives aimed at promoting the financial independence and economic well-being of minorities and women. The meeting concluded with a shared commitment to strengthening partnerships and undertaking joint initiatives to promote financial inclusion, social protection, and sustainable economic opportunities for vulnerable and marginalized communities throughout Punjab.

  • | |

    Rain emergency declared in Rawalpindi and Islamaba…

    RAWALPINDI: A rain emergency has been declared in Rawalpindi and Islamabad after heavy rainfall hit the twin cities. The authorities have stepped up preparations to deal with any possible emergency. Teams and heavy machinery have been deployed in several low-lying areas. According to the Managing Director of the Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA), water levels in Nullah Lai have increased following the rainfall. The water flow at Kattarian has reached 10.5 feet. At Gawalmandi, the level has been recorded at 8.5 feet. Officials are closely monitoring the situation along Nullah Lai. Emergency teams have been placed on alert to respond quickly if water levels rise further. Shamsabad recorded the highest rainfall in Rawalpindi. Around 116 millimetres of rain was recorded in the area. The heavy downpour has raised concerns about urban flooding in vulnerable parts of the city. WASA staff have been deployed in low-lying areas to manage the situation. Heavy machinery has also been positioned at several key locations. These include Liaquat Bagh, the Committee Chowk Underpass and low-lying areas along Murree Road. Equipment has also been deployed in Dhok Khaba, Circular Road and Sadiqabad. Officials said the deployment of machinery would help clear rainwater and keep important roads accessible. Emergency personnel are also monitoring areas that are vulnerable to water accumulation. The authorities have urged relevant departments to remain alert as further rainfall could increase pressure on the city’s drainage system. WASA teams are continuing to monitor Nullah Lai and other vulnerable points. Officials said immediate action would be taken if water levels rise or flooding occurs.

  • | |

    PTI backs new provinces with constitutional consen…

    PTI Chairman Gohar Ali Khan has voiced support for the creation of new provinces, saying administrative reforms are needed to improve governance, but stressed that any such move must be carried out strictly under the Constitution and with broad political consensus. Speaking during a television interview on Thursday, Gohar described the formation of new provinces as a national necessity. However, he emphasized that constitutional requirements must be fulfilled, including securing a two-thirds majority in the relevant provincial assemblies before any proposal could move forward. The PTI chairman also expressed skepticism about Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif completing his full five-year constitutional term, though he did not elaborate on the reasons behind his remarks. The debate over creating new provinces gained momentum after Interior Minister Mohsin Naqvi recently argued that Pakistan’s governance system had become ineffective and required major structural reforms, including the establishment of additional administrative units. Naqvi later clarified that his comments reflected concerns about the country’s governance over several decades rather than criticism of the current government. The proposal has drawn mixed political reactions. Murad Ali Shah firmly rejected any suggestion of dividing Sindh, stating that the provincial assembly has repeatedly passed unanimous resolutions opposing such a move. He maintained that any change would require constitutional approval through a two-thirds majority in the concerned assembly. Meanwhile, Prime Minister’s Adviser Rana Sanaullah distanced the government from Naqvi’s remarks, describing them as the minister’s personal opinion. He said any discussion on creating new provinces should take place in parliament and follow the constitutional process. Sanaullah noted that establishing new provinces involves complex constitutional, financial and administrative considerations, including representation in parliament and resource distribution.

  • Some medicines go bad after opening

    Many people check the expiry date on a medicine bottle or box and assume it is safe to use until that date. However health experts say this is not always true.  Some medicines start losing their effectiveness or become unsafe after they are opened even if the printed expiry date is still months away. It is common for people to use a cough syrup or eye drops once put them back in the cupboard and use them again weeks or months later after checking only the expiry date. Doctors say this can be risky because some medicines do not stay safe for long once opened. When a medicine bottle tube or dropper is opened air moisture and germs can get inside. Over time repeated opening can reduce the medicine’s protection against bacteria increasing the risk of contamination. If a syrup changes color or smell a cream separates or tablets become soft or crumbly they should not be used. Many people believe that every medicine should be thrown away one month after opening but experts say this is not true. According to Dr. Sanjay K. Jain, Head of Pediatrics and Neonatology in New Delhi each medicine has different storage and usage rules. He explains that common syrups such as cough syrup paracetamol syrup and vitamin syrup can usually be used until their expiry date if they are stored properly and show no changes in color smell or appearance. Tablets and capsules also remain safe until their expiry date in many cases especially if they stay in their original blister packs and are stored according to the instructions. However some medicines have a much shorter life after opening.  Antibiotic syrups that come as powder and need water before use should usually be thrown away after 7 to 14 days even if some medicine is left. If the syrup changes color or particles appear inside the bottle it should be discarded immediately. Eye drops also need extra care. Most should be used within 28 days after opening because the tip of the bottle can collect germs each time it is used. Insulin and some injectable medicines also have special storage rules and may only remain safe for a limited time after opening. Doctors advise reading the label or package instructions carefully before using any medicine. This is especially important for eye drops insulin liquid antibiotics and medicines that need refrigeration. It is also a good idea to check medicines stored at home from time to time. If you are unsure whether a medicine is still safe ask a doctor or pharmacist instead of taking the risk. Health experts say that for some medicines the most important date is not the expiry date but the day the bottle or package was first opened. Writing the opening date on the bottle can help you know when it is time to throw it away. If you ever have doubts about a medicine’s safety it is better to discard it than risk your health.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *